2 Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is thus a key consideration when evaluating cancer patients, as it has major implications for disease staging, clinical management, and prognostic outcomes. 1 Malignant tumor cells, however, can hijack the lymphatic system to facilitate their metastatic dissemination throughout the body, just like thieves using the ventilation ducts to move to various rooms in a building, and LNs serve as major hubs for metastatic cell growth, secondary dissemination to other tissue compartments, and the modulation of antitumor immune responses. Lymph nodes (LNs) serve as essential components of the mammalian immune system, functioning as a barrier against systemic pathogen dissemination while facilitating the induction and maturation of specific immune responses and serving as central hubs that orchestrate interactions among immune cell populations. And the novel exploration and academic disputes of strategies for recognition, diagnosis, and therapeutic interventions of metastatic LNs are also discussed. The clinical significance of LNM in different anatomical sites is summarized, including the roles of LNM playing in staging, prognostic prediction, and treatment selection for patients with various types of cancers. In this review, current knowledge of the anatomical and physiological characteristics of LNs, as well as the molecular mechanisms of LNM, are described. ![]() In recent years, with the updates in both basic and clinical studies on LNM and the application of advanced medical technologies, much progress has been made in the understanding of the mechanisms of LNM and the strategies for diagnosis and treatment of LNM. Therefore, it is important for oncologists to understand the mechanisms of tumor cells to metastasize to LNs, as well as how LNM affects the prognosis and therapy of patients with cancer in order to provide patients with accurate disease assessment and effective treatment strategies. ![]() Lymph nodes (LNs) are important hubs for metastatic cell arrest and growth, immune modulation, and secondary dissemination to distant sites through a series of mechanisms, and it has been proved that lymph node metastasis (LNM) is an essential prognostic indicator in many different types of cancer.
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